Borobudur , or Barabudur , is a 9th-century Mahayana Buddhist monument near Magelang , Central Java , Indonesia. The monument comprises six square platforms topped by three circular platforms, and is decorated with 2.672 relief panels and 504 Buddha Statues . [1] A main dome, located at the center of the top platform, is surrounded by 72 Buddha Statues seated inside perforated stupa . The monument comprises six square platforms topped by three circular platforms, and is decorated with 2,672 relief panels and 504 Buddha statues . A main dome, located at the center of the top platform, is surrounded by 72 Buddha statues seated inside perforated stupa .
The monument is both a Shrine to the Lord Buddha and a place for Buddhist pilgrimage . The monument is both a shrine to the Lord Buddha and a place for Buddhist pilgrimage . The journey for Pilgrims Begins at the base of the monument and follows a path circumambulating the monument while ascending to the top through the three levels of Buddhist Cosmology , namely Kamadhatu (the world of desire), Rupadhatu (the world of forms) and Arupadhatu ( the world of formlessness). The journey for pilgrims begins at the base of the monument and follows a path circumambulating the monument while ascending to the top through the three levels of Buddhist cosmology , namely Kāmadhātu (the world of desire), Rupadhatu (the world of forms) and Arupadhatu (the world of formlessness). During the journey the monument guides the Pilgrims through a system of stairways and corridors with 1.460 narrative relief panels on the wall and the balustrades . During the journey the monument guides the pilgrims through a system of stairways and corridors with 1,460 narrative relief panels on the wall and the balustrades .
Evidence Suggests Borobudur was abandoned Following the 14th-century decline of Buddhist and Hindu Kingdoms in Java, and the Javanese conversion to Islam. Worldwide knowledge of its existence was sparked in 1814 by Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles , then the British Ruler of Java , WHO was advised of its location by native Indonesians. Evidence suggests Borobudur was abandoned following the 14th-century decline of Buddhist and Hindu kingdoms in Java, and the Javanese conversion to Islam. Worldwide knowledge of its existence was sparked in 1814 by Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles , then the British ruler of Java, who was advised of its location by native Indonesians. Borobudur has since been preserved through installments restorations. Borobudur has since been preserved through several restorations. The Largest restoration project was undertaken Between 1975 and 1982 by the Indonesian government and UNESCO , Following the which the monument was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site . Borobudur is still Used for Pilgrimage; once a year Buddhists in Indonesia Celebrate Vesak at the monument, and Borobudur is Indonesia's single most visited tourist attraction .The largest restoration project was undertaken between 1975 and 1982 by the Indonesian government and UNESCO , following which the monument was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site . Borobudur is still used for pilgrimage; once a year Buddhists in Indonesia celebrate Vesak at the monument, and Borobudur is Indonesia's single most visited tourist attraction
The name Bore-Budur, and thus Borobudur, is thought to have been written by Raffles in Bahasa grammar to mean the Nearby village of Bore; most temples are named after a Nearby village. The name Bore-Budur , and thus BoroBudur , is thought to have been written by Raffles in English grammar to mean the nearby village of Bore; most candi are named after a nearby village. If it followed Javanese language , the monument Should have been named 'BudurBoro'. If it followed Javanese language , the monument should have been named 'BudurBoro'. Also Raffles suggested that 'Budur' Might correspond to the modern Javanese word Buda ("ancient") - ie, 'ancient Boro'. However, another archaeologist Suggests the second component of the name (Budur) comes from Javanese term bhudhara (mountain). Raffles also suggested that 'Budur' might correspond to the modern Javanese word Buda ("ancient") – ie, "ancient Boro". However, another archaeologist suggests the second component of the name ( Budur ) comes from Javanese term bhudhara (mountain).
Karangtengah inscription dated 824 mentioned about the sima (tax-free) lands awarded by Cri Kahulunan (Pramodhawardhani) to Ensure the funding and maintenance of a kamulan Called Bhūmisambhāra. kamulan Itself from the which the word originally means 'the place of origin' , a sacred building to honor the ancestors , probably the ancestors of the Sailendras . Karangtengah inscription dated 824 mentioned about the sima (tax-free) lands awarded by Çrī Kahulunan (Pramodhawardhani) to ensure the funding and maintenance of a Kamūlān called Bhūmisambhāra . Kamūlān itself from the word mula which means 'the place of origin', a sacred building to honor the ancestors , probably the ancestors of the Sailendras . That suggested Casparis Bhumi Sambhāra Bhudhāra the which in Sanskrit means "The mountain of combined virtues of the ten stages of Boddhisattvahood ", was the original name of Borobudur. Casparis suggested that Bhūmi Sambhāra Bhudhāra which in Sanskrit means "The mountain of combined virtues of the ten stages of Boddhisattvahood ", was the original name of Borobudur.
Location
Approximately 40 kilometers (25 mi) northwest of Yogyakarta , Borobudur is located in an elevated area between two twin volcanoes, Sundoro - Sumbing and Merbabu - Merapi , and two rivers, the Progo and the Elo. According to local myth, the area known as Kedu Plain is a Javanese 'sacred' place and has been dubbed 'the garden of Java' due to its high agricultural fertility .Besides Borobudur, there are other Buddhist and Hindu Temples in the area, Including the Prambanan Temples compound . According to local myth, the area known as Kedu Plain is a Javanese 'sacred' place and has been dubbed 'the garden of Java' due to its high agricultural fertility . Besides Borobudur, there are other Buddhist and Hindu temples in the area, including the Prambanan temples compound . During the restoration in the early 20th Century, it was discovered That three Buddhist Temples in the region, Borobudur, Pawon and Mendut , are lined in one straight line position.It Might be accidental, but the temples' alignment is in conjunction with a native folk tale That a long time ago, there was a brick-paved road from Borobudur to Mendut with walls on both sides. During the restoration in the early 20th century, it was discovered that three Buddhist temples in the region, Borobudur, Pawon and Mendut , are lined in one straight line position. It might be accidental, but the temples' alignment is in conjunction with a native folk tale that a long time ago, there was a brick-paved road from Borobudur to Mendut with walls on both sides. The three temples (Borobudur-Pawon-Mendut) have similar architecture and ornamentation derived from the Same time period, the which Suggests That ritual relationship Between the three Temples, in order to have formed a sacred unity, must have existed, although exact ritual process is yet unknown. The three temples (Borobudur–Pawon–Mendut) have similar architecture and ornamentation derived from the same time period, which suggests that ritual relationship between the three temples, in order to have formed a sacred unity, must have existed, although exact ritual process is yet unknown.
Unlike other temples, the which were the resource built on a flat surface, Borobudur was built on a bedrock hill, 265 m (869 ft) above sea level and 15 m (49 ft) above the floor of the dried-out paleolake. The lake's existence was the subject of intense discussion Among archaeologists in the 20th Century; Borobudur was thought to have been built on a lake shore or even floated on a lake. Unlike other temples, which were built on a flat surface, Borobudur was built on a bedrock hill, 265 m (869 ft) above sea level and 15 m (49 ft) above the floor of the dried-out paleolake. The lake's existence was the subject of intense discussion among archaeologists in the 20th century; Borobudur was thought to have been built on a lake shore or even floated on a lake. In 1931, a Dutch artist and a scholar of Hindu and Buddhist architecture, WOJ Nieuwenkamp , developed a theory That Kedu Plain was once a lake and Borobudur initially represented a lotus flower floating on the lake. Lotus flowers are found in. Almost every Buddhist work of art, Often serving as a throne for Buddhas and base for stupas. In 1931, a Dutch artist and a scholar of Hindu and Buddhist architecture, WOJ Nieuwenkamp , developed a theory that Kedu Plain was once a lake and Borobudur initially represented a lotus flower floating on the lake.Lotus flowers are found in almost every Buddhist work of art, often serving as a throne for buddhas and base for stupas. The architecture of Borobudur Suggests Itself a lotus depiction, in the which Buddha postures in Borobudur symbolize the Lotus Sutra , Mostly found in many Mahayana Buddhism (a school of Buddhism widely spread in the east Asia region) texts. The architecture of Borobudur itself suggests a lotus depiction, in which Buddha postures in Borobudur symbolize the Lotus Sutra , mostly found in many Mahayana Buddhism (a school of Buddhism widely spread in the east Asia region) texts. Three circular platforms on the top are thought to Also Represent a lotus leaf. Nieuwenkamp's theory, however, was contested by many archaeologists Because the natural environment Surrounding the monument is a dry land. Three circular platforms on the top are also thought to represent a lotus leaf. Nieuwenkamp's theory, however, was contested by many archaeologists because the natural environment surrounding the monument is a dry land.
Geologists, on the other hand, support Nieuwenkamp's view, pointing out clay sediments found near the site. A study of Stratigraphy , sediment and pollen samples conducted in 2000 supports the existence of a paleolake environment near Borobudur, the which tends to confirm Nieuwenkamp's theory. Geologists, on the other hand, support Nieuwenkamp's view, pointing out clay sediments found near the site. A study of stratigraphy , sediment and pollen samples conducted in 2000 supports the existence of a paleolake environment near Borobudur, which tends to confirm Nieuwenkamp's theory. The lake area fluctuated with time and the study proves That Also Borobudur was near the lake shore c. The lake area fluctuated with time and the study also proves that Borobudur was near the lake shore c. 13th and 14th Centuries. 13th and 14th centuries. River flows and volcanic activities shape the Surrounding Landscape, Including the lake. River flows and volcanic activities shape the surrounding landscape, including the lake. One of the most active Volcanoes in Indonesia, Mount Merapi, is in the direct vicinity of Borobudur and has been very active since the Pleistocene . One of the most active volcanoes in Indonesia, Mount Merapi, is in the direct vicinity of Borobudur and has been very active since the Pleistocene .
History
Construction
There is no written record of who built Borobudur or of its intended purpose. The construction time has been estimated by comparison between carved reliefs on the temple's hidden foot and the inscriptions commonly used in royal charters during the 8th and 9th centuries. Borobudur was likely, Founded around 800 AD. This corresponds to the period Between 760 and 830 AD, the peak of the Sailendra dynasty in central Java, Pls it was under the influence of the Srivijayan Empire . Borobudur was likely founded around 800 AD. This corresponds to the period between 760 and 830 AD, the peak of the Sailendra dynasty in central Java, when it was under the influence of the Srivijayan Empire . The construction has been estimated to have taken 75 years and been completed During the Reign of Samaratungga in 825.The construction has been estimated to have taken 75 years and been completed during the reign of Samaratungga in 825.
There is confusion Between Hindu and Buddhist rulers in Java around That time. There is confusion between Hindu and Buddhist rulers in Java around that time. The Sailendras were the resource known as Ardent followers of Lord Buddha, though stone inscriptions found at Sojomerto suggest They May have been Hindus.It was During this time many Hindu and Buddhist That Monuments were the resource built on the plains and mountain around the Kedu Plain. The Sailendras were known as ardent followers of Lord Buddha, though stone inscriptions found at Sojomerto suggest they may have been Hindus. It was during this time that many Hindu and Buddhist monuments were built on the plains and mountain around the Kedu Plain. The Buddhist Monuments, Including Borobudur, were the resource persons erected around the Same time as the Hindu Shiva Prambanan temple compound. The Buddhist monuments, including Borobudur, were erected around the same time as the Hindu Shiva Prambanan temple compound. In 732 AD, the Shivaite King Sanjaya commissioned a Shivalinga sanctuary to be built on the Carve hill, only 10 km (6.2 miles) east of Borobudur. In 732 AD, the Shivaite King Sanjaya commissioned a Shivalinga sanctuary to be built on the Ukir hill, only 10 km (6.2 miles) east of Borobudur.
Construction of Buddhist Temples, Including Borobudur, at That time was possible Because Sanjaya's immediate successor, Rakai Panangkaran , granted his permission to the Buddhist followers to build Such Temples.In fact, to show his respect, Panangkaran Gave the village of Kalasan to the Buddhist community, as is written in the Kalasan Charter dated AD 778. This has led archaeologists to believe Some That there was never serious conflict Concerning religion in Java as it was possible for a Hindu king to patronize the establishment of a Buddhist monument, or for a Buddhist king to act Likewise.However, it is likely, there were the resource persons That two rival royal dynasties in Java at the time-the Buddhist Sailendra and the Saivite Sanjaya-in the which the latter triumphed over rivals in Their The 856 battle on the Ratubaka plateau.This confusion Also exists Regarding the Lara Jonggrang temple at the Prambanan complex, the which was believed That it was erected by the victor Rakai Pikatan as the Sanjaya dynasty's reply to Borobudur, but others That suggest there was a climate of peaceful coexistence Nowhere Sailendra involvement exists in Lara Jonggrang. Construction of Buddhist temples, including Borobudur, at that time was possible because Sanjaya's immediate successor, Rakai Panangkaran , granted his permission to the Buddhist followers to build such temples.In fact, to show his respect, Panangkaran gave the village of Kalasan to the Buddhist community, as is written in the Kalasan Charter dated 778 AD. This has led some archaeologists to believe that there was never serious conflict concerning religion in Java as it was possible for a Hindu king to patronize the establishment of a Buddhist monument; or for a Buddhist king to act likewise. However, it is likely that there were two rival royal dynasties in Java at the time—the Buddhist Sailendra and the Saivite Sanjaya—in which the latter triumphed over their rival in the 856 battle on the Ratubaka plateau. This confusion also exists regarding the Lara Jonggrang temple at the Prambanan complex, which was believed that it was erected by the victor Rakai Pikatan as the Sanjaya dynasty's reply to Borobudur,
but others suggest that there was a climate of peaceful coexistence where Sailendra involvement exists in Lara Jonggrang
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